AHSEC - 12: Principles of Management Important notes for March 2022 - 23 Exam | Business Studies Class 12 Notes

[AHSEC Class 12, Business Studies Notes, Revised Syllabus, 2022 Exam, Principles of Management]

Class 12 Business Studies Notes
Unit – 2: Principles of Management

Objective Types Questions:

1. Who is called the father of scientific management?                  2019

Ans: F. W .Taylor

2. Who authored the “the Principles and Methods of Scientific Management”?

Ans: F. W. Taylor

3. Who is called the father of administrative management theory of 14 principles of management?

Ans: Henry Fayol

4. Name the book authored by Henry Fayol on Management.                    2008, 2012, 2017

Ans: General and industrial management in the year 1949

5. Who introduced the concept of Gang Plank?

Ans: Henry Fayol. It permits direct communication between employees working at same level.

6. Which principles state ‘one plan’ one boss’ and ‘one head, one plan’?

Ans: Unity of command, Avoidance of confusion leading to efficiency.

7. How management principles are derived?    

Ans: Principles of Management are the statements of fundamental truth which provide guidelines which help management to take decisions and action. They are derived from observation and experimental studies.

8. Which principle of management promotes team spirit, harmony and unity within the organisation?

Ans: Principle of Esprit De Corps

9. Who gave functions and principles of management?

Ans: Henry Fayol

10. What is meant by Management principles?                 2009

Ans: Principles of Management are the statements of fundamental truth which provide guidelines which help management to take decisions and action. They are derived from observation and experimental studies.

11. State two features of Principles of management.                      2008, 2011

Ans: a) Universal Applicability b) General Statements c) Flexibility

12. Which techniques of scientific management describe one best way to perform a task?

Ans: Method Study

13. State how the principles of management are flexible.

Ans: Principles of Management are flexible, which means that they are not rigid, and can be modified by the manager as per the situation.

14. What do you understand by principles of management?                       

Ans: Principles of Management are the statements of fundamental truth which provide guidelines which help management to take decisions and action. They are derived from observation and experimental studies.

15. State one objective of fatigue study.

Ans: Its main objective is to refresh the workers so that they work again with full energy and stamina.

16. Who introduced the concept of functional foremanship?                   

Ans: F.W. Taylor. It insists on hiring specialist for every job. (8 Specialists foremen)

17. Who classified the activities of an industrial organisation into six groups?                       

Ans: Henry Fayol

18. Why are the Principles called contingent?

Ans: Because they are affected by situations.

19. Why management principles are universal?

Ans: Management principles are universal because they are applicable in all organisations in all situations whether it is a profit making or non-profit making.

20. State the technique of scientific management which is the strong motivator for a worker to reach standard performance.

Ans:  Differential piece wage system which is introduced by F.W. Taylor.

21. What is meant by ‘Mental Revolution?’

Ans: It calls for a change in the mental outlook of both, the employees and the management.

22. Name the association that has devised a code of conduct for Indian managers.

Ans: All India Management Association (AIMA) has devised a code of conduct for Indian managers.

23. State one violating effect of the principle of ‘Division of work’

Ans: Lack of specialization.

24. State one positive effect of the principle of ‘Unity of command’

Ans: Avoidance of confusion leading to efficiency.

25. State the principle of ‘order’.

Ans: Proper placement of things and persons is called order.

26. State the technique of scientific management which is the strong motivator for a worker to reach standard performance.

Ans:  Differential piece wage system which is introduced by F.W. Taylor.

27. What is meant by Simplification as a technique of scientific management?

Ans: Simplification refers to putting an end to unnecessary types, qualities, sizes etc.

28. What is the main objective of ‘Time Study’ and ‘Motion study’?

Ans: Time study aims at determination of standard time, to determine the labour cost and to create time management among the employees.

Motion Study: It aims at eliminating unproductive movements of the employees at work.

29. Who introduced the concept of Gang Plank?                              2011, 2017

Ans: Henry Fayol. It permits direct communication between employees working at same level.

30. Who introduced the concept of functional foremanship?                     2008, 2010, 2015

Ans: F.W. Taylor. It insists on hiring specialist for every job. (8 Specialists foremen). Four specialists suggested for planning department namely Route clerk, Instruction card clerk, Time and cost clerk and Disciplinarian and four specialists for operational department namely Gang boss, Speed boss, Repair boss and Inspector.

31. Who classified the activities of an industrial organisation into six groups?                   2010

Ans: Henry Fayol

32. Which technique of scientific management violated the principle of ‘unity of command’?  2018

Ans: Functional foremanship

**********************************

ALSO READ (AHSEC ASSAM BOARD CLASS 12)

1. AHSEC CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES CHAPTERWISE NOTES

2. AHSEC CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES QUESTION PAPERS (FROM 2012 TILL DATE)

3. AHSEC CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS (FROM 2012 TILL DATE)

4. AHSEC CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

5. BUSINESS STUDIES MCQs

**********************************

Long Answer Type Questions (2/3/5)

Q.1. What are Management Principles? Mention the steps for deriving Management principles. 

Ans: Principles of Management are the statements of fundamental truth which provide guidelines which help management to take decisions and action. They are derived from observation and experimental studies.

Steps for driving principles:

a)      Choice of the problem or opportunity

b)      Observation and study of the problem

c)       Making hypothesis

d)      Conclusion and forecasting

e)      Testing the principle

Q.2. Write down the characteristics (Nature) of management principles.             2008, 2011

Ans:  Characteristics/Nature of management principles are:

a)      Universal Application: Management principles are applied in every situation, where the objectives are attained through group efforts. All social, economic, political, cultural or even religious organizations apply management principles for the successful operations of their activities.                 2017

b)      Flexibility: The business situations and its social economic environment are always changing, so the management principles are dynamic enough to suit the size, nature, need and situation of the business.

c)       General statements: Management principles are concerned mostly with human behaviour, which cannot be tested under controlled conditions i.e., a laboratory.

d)      Influencing human behaviors: Human element is an essential factor of production. It activates and extracts work from other factors also. Every worker is individually different from other workers. Management is concerned with the integration of individual efforts and how to channeling them towards achieving the desired results.

e)      Based on cause and effect relationship: Management principles are based on cause and effect relationship that means these principles tells why a principle is applied in given situation and what are their effects.

Q.3. Explain briefly the NEED/IMPORTANCE of management principles? Or Why proper understanding of management principles is necessary?                2018, 2019

Ans: Management principles are needed for the following reasons:

a)      Optimum use of resources: The management principle of “science, not rule of the thumb” suggests that every task should be done with minimum effort and energy and additional work can be done with the saved energy. By saving time, efforts and energy activities can be made economical and enhance the productivity of the resources.

b)      Change in technology: The management principle of “division of labour” helps management in identifying in which activity technology has changed. If there is no division of labour then confusion may prevail about what and how much to change.

c)       Effective Administration: The principle of ‘scalar chain’ helps the enterprise to communicate with people at different levels. ‘Unity of direction’ removes confusion in minds of employees; and ‘Unity of command’ avoids dual subordination. The knowledge of principles improves the understanding of managers about the ways and means of managing an organization. Management principles are helpful in taking decisions and handling situations arising in course of management. 

d)      Helps in thoughtful decisions making. Management principles help in thoughtful decision-making. They emphasize logic rather than blind faith. Management decisions taken on the basis of principles are free from bias and prejudice.

e)      Fulfilling social responsibilities: A business is a creation of society and makes use of resources of society so it must do something for society. Management principles guide the managers to perform their social responsibilities.

f)       Direction for training of managers. The principles are helpful in identifying the areas of management in which existing and future managers should be trained. The principles of management help the universities and professional institutes to impart teaching and training in the theory and practice of management. 

g)      Role of management. The principles focus on matters on which greater managerial attention is required. Principles act as ready reference for the managers to check whether their decisions are appropriate or not.

Q.4. List out Fayol’s 14 general principles of management.     2007, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2020

Ans:   Different management experts have explained different principles on the basis of their research. Henry Fayol, a famous industrialist of France, has described fourteen principles of management in his book General and Industrial Management.

While presenting the principles of management Fayol has kept two things in mind. Firstly, the list of the principles of management should not be long but should be suggestive and only those principles should be explained which become applicable in most of the situations. Secondly, the principles of management should be flexible and not rigid so that changes can be made in them in case of need.

Fayol suggested the following 14 principles:

1.       Division of work: According to this principle the whole work must be divided into small tasks instead of assigning the whole task to one person. Division of work is important for reducing work burden of an employee and improves his skills. This helps an individual to get specialization in his area of expertise and thereby improves the productivity of an individual.

2.       Authority and Responsibility: Authority is the right to issue command and make decisions. Responsibility is obligation towards organization and decisions made. According to this principle, There must be balance in authority and responsibility. If there is no authority, he cannot fulfill his responsibility and if an individual has an authority he must have equal responsibility.

3.       Discipline: Discipline is important for the success of an organization. According to this principle, there must be rules and regulations for systematic working in the organisation and both subordinate and superior must follow these rules. There must be good employee-employer relationship. Employees must obey orders and employer must provide good leadership.

4.       Unity of command: According to this principle of Fayol, every employee should receive orders and instructions from one boss and he should be responsible and accountable to him only. This principle will be violated if an employee is asked to receive orders from more than on superior.      (2009), 2017

5.       Unity of Direction: According to this principle “One unit means objective and one plan. There must be one plan for an organization at a time and should be directed by one manager using the same plan. This principle leads to good coordination in the organisation.              (2011), 2017

6.       Subordination of individual interests to the general interest: According to this principle, the interest of the organisation must be kept superior to the interest of individuals or employees. The goal of the organisation must not be sacrificed because individuals or employees will be able to achieve their objectives only when the organisation prospers.

7.       Remuneration: According to this principle, Fair wage for the service must be given to the employees to give them maximum satisfaction. Every worker should be paid fair remuneration and if workers are not satisfied than they can never contribute his maximum.

8.       Centralization and Decentralisation: Centralisation refers to concentration of power or authority in few hands i.e., top level. Decentralisation is defined as systematic distribution of authority at every level of management. According to this principle, an organisation must not be completely centralised or decentralised but there must be combination of both depending on the nature and size of the organisation.

9.       Scalar Chain: The line of authority from top management to the lower level management represents the scalar chain. There should be a chain for the flow of communication. Authority must flow from top management to lower level management and responsibility must flow vice-versa.                    (2010)

10.   Order: There must be an order for everything. According to this principle, order does not mean command but it refers to orderly arrangement of people and material in the organisation. Right person at right place and right material at right time and in right place is the key for success of any organisation.

11.   Equity: According to this principle, manager should treat all his subordinates equally. There should be no difference or should not show special attention or kind to any particular subordinate.

12.   Stability of tenure of personnel: According to this principle, the management must provide the feeling of job security among the employees. There must be stability and job security. High employee turnover affects organization adversely.

13.   Initiative: The successful management provides an opportunity to its employees to suggest their new ideas, experiences and more convenient methods of work. It is the duty of the manager to encourage the feeling of initiative among the employees for doing some work

14.   Esprit de Corps: According to this principle, there must be team spirit within an organisation. Management must develop a feeling of belongingness among the employees with develop team spirit and unity within the organization. (2012, 2015)

Q.5. Explain the concept of Scalar chain and Gang Plank.

Ans: The line of authority from top management to the lower level management represents the scalar chain. There should be a chain for the flow of communication. Authority must flow from top management to lower level management and responsibility must flow vice-versa. This principle was explained by Fayol with the help of a ladder diagram which showed the flow of information.

For example, in an organization there are employees A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, at various posts. If employee ‘C’ has to communicate with employee ‘G’ using the scalar chain, the route should be like C4B4A4F4G. Thus there will be four steps for the information to reach from employee ‘C’ to the employee ‘G’.

Due to more clear system of authority and communication, problems can be solved easily, also the accountable person can be held quickly without any confusion and delay. Though this principle is very effective and clear, but it consumes a lot of time. In case of emergency, information will take a lot of time to reach the desired position which may delay the action as well as decision.

Gang plank: For overcoming this limitation of scalar chain, fayol introduced the concept of ‘Gang Plank’. According to this concept, two executives of the organization of different department at the same level can communicate directly in case of emergency, so that speedy decisions and actions could be taken. In case of the above example, if employee ‘C’ has to contact employee ‘G’, he can easily and directly communicate the information to ‘G’ using this Gang plank (‘C’4‘G’). This reduces a lot of time and helps in effective performance.

Q.6. Define Scientific Management.                       2007,

Ans:  Scientific Management may be defined as the scientific study and analysis of work, scientific selection and training of employees, standardization and scientific rate setting. It is an art of knowing exactly what a manager wants his workers to do and seeing it that they do it in the best and cheapest way.

According to F.W.Taylor who is regarded as the father of scientific management, “Scientific Management is the art of knowing exactly what you want your men to do and seeing that they do it in the cheapest way”.

Q.7. What are the Objectives of Scientific Management?

Ans: Scientific management has the following main objectives:

a)      Increased production with the use of standardized tools, methods and equipments.

b)      Reducing the cost of production by using the different cost control techniques.

c)       Improvement in the quality of product through quality control and inspections.

d)      To place the right person at the right place.

e)      Providing the wages to the workers according to their efficiency.

Q.8. What are the characteristics of Scientific Management?                     2008, 2009

Ans:  Scientific management has the following characteristics:

a)      Predetermined objectives: The objective of every job is predetermined and in order to achieve that objective physical and human resources are applied.

b)      Predetermined plans: In order to achieve the predetermined goal of every job, effective plans for the most appropriate use of the available resources are prepared. Planning in this case is goal oriented.

c)       Scientific analysis of plans: The utility, effectiveness and suitability of plans is tested and ascertained before it is put in practical operation.

d)      Set of rules: In order to implement the plans a set of rules are made.

e)      Work studies: Standardization of time, motion, fatigue and work is done after careful time, motion, work & fatigue studies, so that maximum output could be achieved at minimum sacrifice.

Q.9. What are the advantages and criticism of scientific management to the workers?                  2008

Ans:  Advantages to the workers:

a)      Increase in production and productivity due to planning in task and scientific methods of doing work.

b)      Improved working conditions to the workers viz., proper working hours, lighting, ventilation, rest etc.

c)       Higher standard of living due to increased wages under differential wage incentive plan.

d)      Proper selection and training of workers and right man is given a right job.

e)      Specialisation of workers due to division of labour.

Criticism of scientific management: 

a)      Monotony of work because a specialised worker has to do a similar job regularly.

b)      Loss of workers skill and initiative because of standardisation of works.

c)       Exploitation of workers because there is no concept of participation of workers in gains arises due to increased productivity.

d)      Discrimination amongst the workers because efficient workers gent more wages are compared to the inefficient ones.

e)      Fixation of wages, working conditions and working hours are decided by the management which weakens the trade unions.

Q.10. Explain the importance of principles of scientific management.

Ans:  Importance of principles of scientific management:

a)      Efficiency of business improves through simplification and specialisation.

b)      Helps in reducing the cost of production by eliminating all types of wastages.

c)       Enables to capture wide market since the price and cost of the product decreases.

d)      Enables the workers to earn more with the introduction of differential piece rate system.

e)      Provides better working conditions for workers.

Q.11. Explain Taylor’s principles of Scientific Management.                        2008, 2009

Ans:  Taylor’s philosophy consists of the following principles of scientific management:

a)      Replacing rule of thumb with science: According to this principle, scientific investigation should be applied in the scientific management, which will replace the rule of thumb. Taylor had made study of every job and fixed the method and timing for performing the job so that the worker should know that what, when, and how is required to perform the job. This principle is the starting point of scientific. This principle is concerned with selecting the best way of performing a job through the application of scientific analysis and not by intuition or hit and trial methods.

b)      Harmony in group action: This principle states that there should be cooperation between the management and the workers. In order to achieve the best possible results from the business operations, it is essential that there should be harmonious relations between the management and the workers.

c)       Division of responsibility between workers and management: According to this principle there should proportionate division of the responsibility between the managers and the workers, clearly defined, and predetermined.

d)      Maximum Output: Scientific Management aims for the continuous production and productivity. According to this principle management and the workers should try to increase the production at the minimum cost.

e)      Selection, training, and development of the workers in the scientific manner: According to this principle the right men is placed on the right job. The jobs are determined first for which the workers are required and then the qualifications required for the job are determined. On the basis of these standards the employees are selected.

Q.12. Discuss the various techniques/Elements of scientific management. 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2020

Ans: Taylors has suggested the following techniques of scientific management:

1. Scientific Task Setting: The first technique of scientific management is the scientific task setting. The work should be designed by the management is such a way that an average worker can be able to do the work within a given period of time. It should not be higher than the average capacity of the worker nor lower than his capacity.

2. Work study: Work study is the detailed analysis of an activity with an objective to remove inefficiency and find out the best way to perform the work. work study includes the following techniques:

a) Fatigue study: It refers to the duration and frequency of rest intervals to complete a particular job. The rest refreshes the workers. They work again with full energy and stamina. Long working hours, poor working conditions, unsuitable work can also be the causes of fatigue. It should be reduced.                                               2016

b) Method study: It refers to identify the most suitable, economical way of doing a particular activity. To conduct this study, process chart, operation research technique can be used. The main objective is to minimize the cost of production and maximize the quality of the work.  (2013)

c) Motion Study: Motion study is designed to eliminate unnecessary motions and to reinforce necessary motions. It is a close observation of analyzing the body movements of the worker performing the job. This study helps in analyzing that if any element of the job can be eliminated or not.                                 (2013)

d) Time study: This study helps in determining the time required by an average skill worker to efficiently perform a particular job. Time study helps in determining the standard time for the job. This standard time is then fixed for the workers for performing the job. So, time study is used to measure precisely the time required in doing every element of a job with the purpose of deciding the fair day’s work.

3) Mental Revolution: Taylor emphasized the mutual cooperation between the workers and the management as the human element comprising of worker and management is essentially a very sensitive factor of production. The basic idea behind the mental revolution is to change the mental attitude of the workers and the management towards each other. Mental revolution requires that there should be perfect cooperation and coordination between the efforts of labour and the management.

4) Functional foremanship: In this technique Taylor suggested the division of factory in two departments: planning department and production department as Taylor felt that workers must be free from the burden of planning and they must concentrate on work and production. To develop specialisation in the productivity, Taylor suggested four functional experts for each department supervise, guide and instruct the worker.

Four functional experts suggested for planning department are: Route Clerk, Instruction Card Clerk, Time and Cost Clerk and Disciplinarian.

Four functional experts suggested for production department are: Gang Boss, Speed Boss, Repair Boss and Inspector.

5) Differential wage system: The scientific technique of differential wage rate system emphasises on paying different rate of wage for efficient and inefficient employees. To conduct differential wage rate system Taylor suggested that the company must fix a standard rate of wage for workers producing standard output. The workers who produce more than the standard target must be paid with a higher rate of wages as compared to those who are producing less than standard.

Q.13. Distinguish between Time Study and Motion Study.

Time Study

Motion Study

It measures the standard time taken for a qualified worker to perform a well defined job.

It studies movements of body/machine to perform a job

The purpose is to decide how much time is normally required to perform a certain job

The purpose is to avoid wasteful motions and to determine the best way of doing a job

It measures the work provides a yardstick to decide between efficient and inefficient workers.

It eliminates and reduces wasteful and useless motions.

It aims at improving the performance of workers by discriminating them as efficient and inefficient.

It improves the performance of the workers without any discrimination.

Q.14. Taylor’s techniques of management are universally applicable. Do you agree? Give any four reasons in support of your answer.

Ans: Taylor’s techniques are developed through scientific approach and not by rule of thumb.  Any principle developed scientifically is universally applicable because these are not affected by personal feelings or biasness of managers. The techniques which facilitate the universal applicability of Taylor’s principles are:

a)      Time study

b)      Motion study

c)       Method study 

d)      Fatigue study

               But, some techniques of scientific management are not universally applicable under some situations. These are:

a)      Functional Foremanship: This technique is not applicable in the organization following the principle of unity of command.

b)      Differential Piece Wage system: This technique is also not applicable in the organization following the principle of equity.

Q.15. Define the principle of unity of command. What can be the consequences if this principle is violated? 09, 13

Ans:  Principle of unity of command: According to this principle of Fayol, every employee should receive orders and instructions from one boss and he should be responsible and accountable to him only. This principle will be violated if an employee is asked to receive orders from more than on superior.

The violation of this principle will have the following consequences:

a)      It will be very difficult to maintain discipline

b)      Duplication of work

c)       Over – lapping of orders and instructions

d)      Disrespect to the work and officers

Q.16. “Taylor’s principles of scientific management and Fayol’s principle of management are mutually complementary“. Do you agree? Considering the above statement, write a brief note on the similarities and dissimilarities between Taylor’s and Fayol’s contributions.          2016

Ans: Yes, I agree with the view – “Taylor’s principle of scientific management and Fayol’s principles of management are mutually complementary “.  Taylor and Fayol’s principles are complementary to each other because both have relevance in the business due to the following reasons:

a) The main aim of Taylor’s as well as Fayol’s principles is maximising the efficiency.

b) Both insist on cooperation between employees and employers.

c) Both give more importance to organisational interest over the individual interest.

d) Bothe suggested division of work for specialisation.

e) The principles of both are used as basis for research in the field of management studies.

Difference between Taylor’s and Fayol’s Contributions

Point of Difference

Taylor

Fayol

Concern

Taylor’s techniques and principles are concerned with worker’s efficiency.

Fayol’s principles are concerned with management efficiency.

Emphasis

Taylor laid great emphasis on standardisation of work.

Fayol laid great emphasis on functions of managers.

Applicability

Applicable to specialised situation.

Universally applicable.

Unity of command

Did not follow this principle as Taylor insisted on minimum 8 bosses. (This point was asked in 2015 exam)

Strictly followed this principles i.e. one boss for one employee.

Expression

Taylor’s techniques are expressed as scientific management.

Fayol’s techniques are expressed as general theory of administration.

Personality

Taylor developed a personality of scientist and become famous as father of scientific management.

Fayol developed the personality of researcher and practitioner and become famous as father of general management.

Q.17.Write a detailed note on contribution of FW Taylor and Henry Fayol.

Ans: CONTRIBUTION OF F.W. TAYLOR

F.W. Taylor is one of the founders (the other two are Max Weber and Henry Fayol) of classical thought/classical theory of management. He suggested scientific approach to management also called scientific management theory. Frederick Winslow Taylor well-known as the founder of scientific management was the first to recognize and emphasis the need for adopting a scientific approach to the task of managing an enterprise. He tried to diagnose the causes of low efficiency in industry and came to the conclusion that much of waste and inefficiency is due to the lack of order and system in the methods of management. He found that the management was usually ignorant of the amount of work that could be done by a worker in a day as also the best method of doing the job. As a result, it remained largely at the mercy of the workers who deliberately shirked work. He therefore, suggested that those responsible for management should adopt a scientific approach in their work, and make use of "scientific method" for achieving higher efficiency. The scientific method consists essentially of:

a)      Observation

b)      Measurement

c)       Experimentation and

d)      Inference.

He advocated a thorough planning of the job by the management and emphasized the necessity of perfect understanding and co-operation between the management and the workers both for the enlargement of profits and the use of scientific investigation and knowledge in industrial work. He summed up his approach in these words:

a)      Science, not rule of thumb

b)      Harmony, not discord

c)       Co-operation, not individualism

d)      Maximum output, in place of restricted output

e)      The development of each man to his greatest efficiency and prosperity.

(After this paragraph write a note on scientific management)

Contribution of Henry Fayol

Henry Fayol (1841-1925): was a Frenchman with considerable executive experience who focused his research on the things that managers do. He wrote during the same period Taylor did. Taylor was a scientist and he was managing director of a large French coal-mining firm. He was the first to envisage a functional process approach to the practice of management. His was a functional approach because it defined the functions that must be performed by managers. It was also a process approach because he conceptualized the managerial job in a series of stages such as planning, organizing and controlling. According to Fayol, all managerial tasks could be classified into one of the following six groups:

• Technical (related to production);

• Commercial (buying, selling and exchange);

• Financial (search for capital and its optimum use);

• Security (protection for property and person);

• Accounting (recording and taking stock of costs, profits, and liabilities, keeping balance sheets, and compiling statistics);

• Managerial (planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and control);

He pointed out that these activities exist in every organization. He focused his work on the administrative or managerial activities and developed the following definition:

• Planning meant developing a course of action that would help the organization achieve its objectives.

• Organizing meant mobilizing the employees and other resources of the organization in accordance with the plan.

• Commanding meant directing the employees and getting the job done.

• Coordinating meant achieving harmony among the various activities.

• Controlling meant monitoring performance to ensure that the plan is properly followed. (after this paragraph write a brief note on principles of management)